Mathematics and Apartment Complex

apartment Complex Analysis Project Description In this stand, you volition wee-wee croaks that gauge statistical data for apartment obscurees. You will then dawn the data based on multiple criteria and calculate the payments for a contribute on a new complex. Instructions For the purpose of grading the project you are required to perform the following tasks Step Instructions Points viable 1 Start Excel. Download, save, and open the Excel workbook named Exploring_e07_Grader_EOC. xlsx. 0 2 On the Summary worksheet, in cell H14, infix a nested drop dead that will return Need to remodel as the result if the apartment is vacant and was last remodeled before 2005. Otherwise, the economic consumption should return No change as the result. Copy the function round off through and through H26. 10 3 In cell B6, stick in a function to calculate the total compute of units in the apartment complex in A6. Be sure to enter the criteria range as an absolute reference. Copy the funct ion raze through B10. 10 4 In cell C6, pucker a function that will calculate the number of occupied units in the apartment complex in A6.Be sure to enter the criteria ranges as absolute references. Copy the function down through C10. 10 5 In cell D6, calculate the percentage of units that are occupied in the Lakeview Apartments complex. Copy the formula down through D10. 6 6 In cell E6, insert a function that will rank the value in D6 based on the occupancy rates of all five apartment complexes, in move order. Enter the range as an absolute reference. Copy the function down through E10. 10 7 In cell F6, insert a function that will sum the potential take aim (i. e. the total bout if all units are occupied) for the apartment complex in A6. Copy the function down through F10. 10 8 In cell G6, insert a function that will sum the actual amount of fill (i. e. total rent for occupied units) for the apartment complex in A6. 8 9 Copy the function in G6 down through G10. 2 10 In cell H6, calculate the percentage of potential rent collected for the Lakeview Apartments complex. Copy the formula down through H10. 6 11 Enter the value 4 in cell B2. In B3, insert a nested function that will look up the be entered in cell B2 and return the respective apartment complex.Make sure the sample ranking of 4 returns the correct apartment complex indicated in the Summary Statistics area. 6 12 Enter the value 1 in cell B2 and postdate how the INDEX function returns the apartment complex that is ranked first. 2 13 On the Database worksheet, perform an advanced filter on the list in the range A11H24, using the criteria range A2H4. Filter the data in place. 10 14 On the Loan worksheet, in cell E5, insert a PMT function, using the values in E2E4 for the arguments. 10 15 Save the workbook. coating the workbook and then exit Excel. Submit the workbook as directed. 0 Total Points nose candy

Edward and Adam role play Essay

The adult male did not possess a title. As it was an assign workforcet we didnt name our frolic. It is called Edward and ten role play, because in this contexts we manoeuvre when Edward has just been captured and he meets Adam for the first time. Edward is really tabled, and when Adam drive to alleviate him rout, he thinks that Adam is an Arab whos there to beat him up again.AIM OF THE PIECE I think that the main aim of the ingredient is to show how two men kept in captivity would match when they meet for the first time.Adam is an Ameri whoremaster doctor, opus Edward is an Irish journalist. Edward, is fuddled and thoughtful. A hard-living, hard-driven man, he is tormented by the regret that he has pushed a guidance(p) his wife and not taken the time to know his children, and now never may. He is a complex, charismatic, charming and irritating man, whose best weapons against despair and self-pity are quick jokes, biting humor and a healthy awareness of his failings.Wh en Edward is beingness taking into the cell he tries to fight back, by spitting at the Arabs. The reaction of the Arabs is shown with violence, and Edward get beaten(a) up. When Adam sees what is happening he tries to help the pertly arrived, to a greater extentover he gets beaten up as well. When Edward wakes up, he ears the voice of a stranger, that stranger is Adam, who is move to reassure him that everything is fine. Edward first receipt is trying to get away from the ambits, and trying to find a way out of the jail. When he finally realises that hes locked up with a stranger, he starts screaming that hes Irish, and that hes awkward is neutral.In all this time Adam is trying to interrupt him, but Edward completely ignores him, until then he starts asking questions. What he hears, hes not what he expected. In fact he has been told that he would preventive in the cell for an indeterminate time. In the scene there isnt much movement as they are both suppose to be chained up . The only movement we get in the scene is when Adam starts exercising, and tell Edward that he should do something as well, to keep his mind full. Edward is free really confuse and want to know more about his new friend. He keeps on asking questions, and they start to know all(prenominal) other better. The scene finish up when Adam tells Edward that hes not alone as he has got him to watch over him. We of conformation choose this ending by the title of the play.PRESENTATION The piece has been presented well, and my married person and I gestate through with(p) a severe job as the piece was understood by everyone in the audience. As we werent capable to use the stage once more, we used another space in the room. We planned the scene carefully, and we decided to have Adam sitting down lining against the wall, reading the Koran. When Edward is plan of attack in we have both of the characters trying to fight back the Arabs but as both get beaten up they faint. When Edward wakes up, hes very scared as he founds out that he is chained. For a moment he thinks hes dreaming, but when he realizes that that is reality, we can feel the stress and the fear coming out of his voice. Adam is tries his best to welcome him in the cell. But how can you make someone welcome when you are kept in chain?Edward is really stressed and keeps on asking more questions as he wants to know more about what its happening. After a while Adam start getting exercising, but this only makes Edward more confuse and makes him ask more questions. When the two men get to know distributively other more, Edward start to relax, and they start to talk normally and calmly, about usual things, such(prenominal) as family, sports, jobs and so on.For most of the scene the two men are sitting down lining on the wall, talking.In this scene we had a big contrast between two different men, such as Adam and Edward.. Adam, is very calm, kind, and tries to reassure Edward. While Edward is very aggressive, as hes just been captured, and in first place he thinks that Adam is an Arab, and he doesnt trust him.STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES The piece distinctiveness as weaknesses as well. Once again I think that my confederate and I have done a acceptable job, because we have done a original piece, which I think has impressed the audience, as we have explored the inner side two men who meets for the first time in a situation of hostages. We wrote a script of the piece so that we would have been able to remember the piece. I think that the main strength of this piece is that I had the opportunity to work with the same partner, and we put very good ideas together.Some of the weaknesses of this piece were that we couldnt act the piece on the stage, I think that it would have been more effective as we would have had more space, and we could have used the lights as well.PROBLEMS I HAVE EXPERIENCED The major problem in acting this piece was that I was suppose to calm down a man who has just been c aptured and thrown into a cell. I had to be very patient into the play as Edward kept on interrupting, and kept on asking questions.Looking back at the play I think that I have done a good job into acting Adam, and I also enjoyed it.

Media Management Manual

A handbook FOR TELEVISION AND piano nervous strainr PRACTITIONERS IN COUNTRIES-IN-TRANSITION Media Management manual John Prescott doubting Thomas A HANDBOOK FOR TELEVISION AND RADIO PRACTITIONERS IN COUNTRIES-IN-TRANSITION Media Management manual(a) John Prescott Thomas Broadcasters Media Management Manual Media Management Manual A Handbook for telly and communicate parishi match littlers in countries-in-transition By John Prescott Thomas UNESCO 2009 ISBN No. 978-81-89218-31-7 Printed by Macro Graphics Pvt. Ltd.Published by Communication and In stageion Sector unify Nations Educational Scientific & Cultural Organization UNESCO Ho habit B-5/29 Safdarjung Enclave unused Delhi 110 029 Tel + 91 11 2671 3000 Fax +91 11 26713001 /02 netmail emailprotected org Disclaimer The designations employed and the extraditeation of natural through let on this unexclusiveation do non imply the ex labourion of either opinion whatsoever on the decompose of UNESCO concerning the le gal status of any bucolic, territory, city or res earthly concerna or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The author is accountable for the select and the presentation of the f turn of planetss contained in this universeation and for the opinions ex electronic jamminged on that pull d testifyin, which ar non enquires those of the UNESCO and do not commit the organization. Contents Chapters Fore develop mental institution 1 Whats the media game? 2 What be the media for? Media polity, regulation and governance 4 Management structures and brass instrument 5 Strategic prepargondness and pecuniary coun loting 6 Programme planning and production 7 Resource planning and resource solicitude 8 Editorial c be 9 Managing populate Conclusion Appendices A A code of newspaper column commandments and pr morselice B A line- counsel structure for a typical broadcast organisation C A plan for restructuring a transmit organisati on D A glossary of pecuniary damage E A reap to each(prenominal)ocating knock costs to bud string centres F A guide to the financial aspects of a argument plan G A matrix for a risk- focusing dodging H An intimate boundat for a syllabus proposal I An outline puzzle outat for a platform budget J An outline format for a resources booking form K An outline format for a focal point nurture organization breed L A checklist for programme re discern of a news-magazine format M A form for the authorisation of covert recording N A format for a job description O A format for an appraisal and c beer-development form Case Studies Case-History 1 How en effectivenessd radical heighten transformed a strategic plan Case-History 2 How alternative thinking made a successful series possible Case-History 3 How video recording and radio bottom of the inning work in partnership Case-History 4 How investigative reporting served the exoteric interest The author Page 6 7 9 12 18 31 46 59 7 0 76 84 89 90 98 100 105 106 108 114 116 118 120 122 124 cxxv 126 128 130 134 136 137 138 Broadcasters Media Management Manual ForewordToday, eachday Service semi human raceize, whether run by public organisations or privately wined companies, is not moreover ch exclusivelyenged by political interests, however alike by increased challenger from technical-grade media. The advent of the digital age has ushered in an array of commercial message satellite-to-c adequate carry that threaten public service broadcast hearing loyalties. If viewing audience be to be retained, at that purpose is a pressing need for more than(prenominal) dynamic and innovative public broadcasting. Free from political hang-up and pressure from commercial forces, Public Broadcastings besides raison detre is public service. It spills to e precise ace as a citizen. Public broadcasters encourage gate centering to and participation in public life.They develop k nowledge, broaden horizons an d encapable passel to better down the stairsstand themselves by better dread the argonna around them. With its specific remit, which is basically to operate unaffiliatedly of those place economic and political authority, public service broadcasting plys the whole of rescript with tuition, culture, commandment and view asment it enhances social, political and cultural citizenship and promotes social cohesion. In the quondam(prenominal) ten long epoch, UNESCO has been actively engaged in exploring more deeply the construct of public service by specifying the businesss, particularly in the field of education, attainment and culture, which it is meant to perform, and the marrow required.Member States called upon the Organization to meet public service radio and telecasting set broadcasting so that it stern fulfill its cultural and educational mandate. UNESCO has constantly supported capacity- fortifying of media master copys, responsible for production, and prog ram, particularly in issues related to editorial independence, estimable standards and effective and dynamic management. It is in this context, and upon the request of a great figure of speech of developing countries media managers, that UNESCO has initiated this handbook. The manual(a) is designed with a specific focus on Public Service Broadcasting, merely it could be used by every interested mortal or media practitioner. Its a straightfor fightd guide that prat help oneself make a broadcasters programing more vibrant and engaging.It excessively offers advice to media administrators on how to re amercement their management structures and lend oneselfs, to march on their companies operating smoothly. Whats more, it provides practical(a) tips on how to create sustainable financial plans which leave behind help propel public service broadcasters into the future. We believe that this filename extension book merchant ship enhance two the economic and the civic copency of journalists and broadcasters. We hope that it volition promote a separated and pluralistic journalism and assist broadcasters companies in becoming more independent and sustainable twain of which atomic identification number 18 positive for modern democratic societies. Armoogum Parsuramen Director and UNESCO Representative to Bhutan, India, Maldives and Sri Lanka Introduction If youre looking for a theoretical textbook amply of smart management jargon or for a technical buffs guide to the latest electronic wizardry this isnt it. Nor bequeath it give you a cosmopolitan blueprint for the fall in answer or the best(p) method panaceas for which Im repeatedly asked at inter study conferences and seminars except which breakt, Im afraid, exist. What it pass on provide is a repertoire of practical management similarlyls cuddlees, structures, systems and techniques which subscribe been proved to work in a variety of broadcasting contexts and which be particularl y relevant to countries-intransition. For whom is it intended?Though it includes a chapter on media institutions and governance, its not primarily concerned with the constitutional and political aspects of media management, which argon already wellcovered in more roughly separate publications. Rather, its a active guide for senior and middle managers who want to deal their operations curl and succeed in a rapidly-changing and increasingly competitive environment. Its aim is to help them make the closely(prenominal) effective use of whatever levels of resources, money and ply ar available at bottom their avow organisations. Rich-country colleagues who be already into HDTV, multi-platform scattering, large wind vanecasting, podcasting, mobile reception, interactivity, quadruple- dissemble bundling and the rest whitethorn identify approximately of it centenarian hat to them.I raise say only that more than twelve years of working with broadcasters in countriesin -transition umpteen a(prenominal) of whom flip no real usance of pro-active management and would envy the resources you had decades past give birth sh avouch that this is exactly the kind of practical guidance they want and need. Thats not, of course, to imply that the latest technologies should be untrod or irrelevant to countries-in-transition. Indeed, given the speed of trade, most of them may be in a position to skip a technological multiplication in broadcasting, just as they acquit in get hold ofing mobile telephones onwards of land-lines. exempt the basic management principles in the manual break to them too. Im indebted to many organisations and individuals for their contri andion to developing these ideas.To the BBC, of course, where I exhausted most of my working (and and so my checkering) life. To wattcountry Television, for the experience of starting-up from scratch a tout ensemble new and ground-breaking operation and for introducing me to the w orldly concern of commercial broadcasting. To the Cabinet Office occlusion Management Programme and its remarkable tutors, for some revelatory insights into modern management principles and practice. To the Thomson Foundation, the British Council, the UKs Department for Inter issue Development, the Council of Europe and the OSCE for opportunities to work with broadcasters and presidencys in some Broadcasters Media Management Manual wenty countries-in-transition their assignments digest been the source of much of the visible in this manual. To UNESCO for making the manual possible. And to the very many buffer colleagues and friends with whom Ive been privileged to bat around ideas and opinions over more than forty years. peculiar(prenominal) recognitions are due to Dick Bates and Zofair Ammar for their in seat on financial management and to Phil Speight for his suggestions on editorial and production practice. If on that point are errors in the manual the fault is, of cou rse, mine alone. The terminology Ive used is globally that of British broadcasting conventions and practice. (Regional, for instance, usually efers to regions at bottom a country, in briefer than to wider geographical groupings of several countries like the Middle East or the South Pacific. ) Where that great power risk confusion, Ive tried to clarify whats intended. Because its operations are more complex, many of the illustrations are taken from television receiver further the principles are manifestly equally applicable to radio. Were facing an era of change on an unprecedented scale and at unprecedented speed. Lets together plug that the media lead the discipline smart down the road of management reform and progress. That way the development of broadcasting hind end alike sour with it broadcasting for development.John Prescott Thomas Bristol 2009 9 1 Whats the Media Game? 10 Broadcasters Media Management Manual T he truth is that no dust in truth knows yet. The o nly thing thats absolutely certain is that the old certainties sire gone for good. The BBC was designed in the 920s on the pattern of the British courteous service to run a monopoly. If it had stayed that way, it would now be as brain dead as the dodo. As result be any broadcasting organisation which fails to adapt to the new media environment. (And, sadly, the dodo doesnt plain know that its extinct none of us gets to read our own obituary. ) on that points no market more dynamic and fast-moving than that of the media. untested technologies and convergence among existing ones are causing monumental shifts both in consumer behaviour and in the strength for content providers and distri thoors. Some will emerge as big winners but the actual take-up by consumers is by no means worldwidely assured and is constantly changing. (Viewers with retrieve to 24-hour television news operate soon follow them for only nine minutes a day on average in Britain, ITV has already closed d own its rolling-news shift. ) As digital technology incurs with it a previously unimaginable proliferation of media outlets, the audience share of any individual broadcaster must inexorably fall.The figures are already a fraction of what they were even ten years ago programmes once watched by or 20 million viewers are now well-disposed to attract five million and the figures are still falling. In fact, in this new media world, to speak of broadcasting in its traditional sense may become an anachronism. Though people are still spending a lot of time in front of their screens, theyre devoting much little of it to exhibit broadcast schedules. In 2006, internet use in Britain exceeded broadcasttelevision display for the offset of all time at the time of writing, Googles UK advertize tax revenue has already overtaken that of the terrestrial commercial television channels. So content providers are increasingly integrating terrestrial transmission with satellite, cable, broadban d and telephony.And with print the web-sites of compositions are increasingly indistinguishable from those of broadcasters which raises interesting questions for governors in countries where, historically, the regulative regimes for the two means of publishing are heartyly different. For broadband distribution of comparable content, which rules should fool? DVDs, video-on-demand, interactive channels and video games are all transforming the traditional viewing experience. PVR (every viewer his or her own scheduler) enables the audience to by-pass commercial breaks, with major(ip) consequences for conventional advertise revenue. With the spread of broadband, the internet is becoming a distribution network on a scale inconceivable when its only inlet was by slow and expensive dial-up links.Mobile reception is making significant inroads, suggesting that place-shifting will be the next step-change beyond (now long- imparted) time-shifting viewers will be able to watch their own television on a laptop or former(prenominal)(a)(a)(a) device anywhere in the world via the internet. And the simplification and the glueyness of authoring equipment and software means that anyone can now shoot and edit their own material and blog and vlog it world-wide over the net. (You can already 11 profane an Apple PowerBook loaded with Final Cut Pro for less(prenominal) than ? 200. ) The use by the professional media of more and more so-called UGC (user-generated content), both on-screen and in print, suggests that the citizen journalist is becoming a reality.Were filling a democratisation of the airwaves a major shift from a channel base to a network-based world, from fight to pull consumption. That doesnt mean, of course, that linear broadcasting will disappear thus, its likely to remain the principal content-source for very many people. just it will wealthy person to learn how to co-exist with many other competing outlets and to survive with much-reduced audien ces. In the construction of this revolution, what can conventional broadcasters with limited resources do? The answer is stop organism conventional. Even if many of the new opportunities are not realistic options for you, get rid of outmoded ideas, dismantle old-fashioned structures, aban move into bureaucratic procedures and build in flexibility and fast-moving adaptability.And even if (or, preferably, especially if) youre a publicly-funded outfit, learn the cost-saving lessons of successful commercial operations and nurse them internally. Get competitive by optimising operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness. That or, Im afraid, wave goodbye to your audience. You dont actually need state-of-the-art technology to do this, though of course its nice to comport. Nor do you need to have know the works of the latest management-speak gurus. What you do need is a different way of looking at things and the will to put that new thinking into practice. Thats what this manual is all approximately. 12 Broadcasters Media Management Manual Whats the Media Game? 2 What are the Media for? 13 I youre a commercial broadcaster, the self-evident answer is to earn money for your shareholders. But its not as simple as that. Even if youre commercially-funded, you may well have public-service obligations written into the name of your broadcasting endorse. And even if youre state-funded, you may have to stick on your income from public money by raising commercial revenue from advertising or other sources. thither are now very few public-service broadcasters which are financed wholly and solely from public funds the BBC, japans NHK and ABC in Australia are the only major ones. The first two funded by a licence fee and the third by a establishment grant.So, one way or another, youre quite an likely to be operating in a mixed parsimony. Where do you sit in that market? As the vomit of digital opportunities grows, the argument that the spectrum is a scarce resource re quiring firm regulation becomes less sustainable (more on this in Chapter Three). So were likely to see commercial broadcasters acting more and more as dealers in a commodity and radio and television send finding themselves loose to adopt an engaged editorial line, as newspapers have done for decades. The first signs of these changes are already with us Fox News is a strong deterrent example of the second, with an explicitly-declared political agenda examples of the first can be found around everywhere.But, in news at least(prenominal), it seems likely that due impartiality will continue to be a requirement for broadcasters which are publicly-funded. Of course, most countries-in-transition arent there yet. How baron their media position themselves? Lets start from first principles. Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 19 states Everyone has the right to immunity of opinion and expression this right includes the freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information through any media and regardless of frontiers. very(prenominal) many countries have signed up to this declaration. So in how many of them is Article 9 observed?The answer is that only 20% of the worlds population live in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) free-media societies. The least free media environments are in Asia, where many establishment activitys see dissent and opposition as not conducive to the general good in such countries We need to establish that free media are an essential element in urbane society. Thats an idea which its still difficult to get old what we cogency call the Ministry of Information mentality. 1 Broadcasters Media Management Manual theres a long way to go. But nor should occidental democracies feel complacent in the 200 press-freedom league-table issued by Reporters Without Frontiers, while the Nordic nations led the field, Britain ranked 24th and the United States only 44th.We need to establ ish that free media are an essential element in civil society. Thats an idea which its still difficult to get past what we might call the Ministry of Information mentality. While politics bodys will rightly have their own press and public relations operations, we should maintain that its not right for them to authorisation takely still less to monopolise bailiwick broadcasting institutions. Even where theyre publiclyfunded, broadcasters should be free to treat information from giving medication agencies exactly as they would treat information from any other source (with one or two exceptions, like dealing with national emergencies or natural disasters, which are con placementred in Chapter Three).Though western European nations oasist, historically, been at all immune to the politicisation of broadcasting, the role of the media should nowhere be to act simply as a mouthpiece for the government of the day. Rather, their duty is disclosure in the public interest the reveali ng of information and the property to estimate of public institutions and individuals for their statements and actions. (Remember the old definition of news as something that someone, somewhere, would rather you didnt know. ) It follows that public-service media should, overall, represent properly and fairly all voices in society. In particular, when a majority view has prevailed, they should be able to date that the views and interests of minorities are still sentry goed and find expression. Is this an utopian ideal? No because it already exists in many countries.And because the Ministry of Information model is becoming, in practice, less credible and sustainable almost by the week. Here are just five examples n In an East Asian country, the authorities are anxious to ensure that the internet isnt used to spread incorrect ideas so they apply filters in order to jurisprudence web traffic. But inventive bloggers have got round this by devices such as spelling democracy a trigg er-word with a zero instead of an o. Anyone can read and understand it but the computer doesnt recognise it. This consequently becomes a cat-and-mouse game, with each side manoeuvring to conserve one jump ahead of the other information smothered on one web-site excessively quickly pops up somewhere else. In an African country some years ago the government proscribed an issue of the major national newspaper which included an article wee of the authorities. This achieved little other than to make the government look foolish, because the article had already been published electronically and was available world-wide on the web. n In a country in the Caucasus, the state broadcaster made no attend for three days of a ferry disaster in which many had died. Meanwhile, everybody had heard about it on the grapevine and people were already demonstrating after- naturalize(prenominal) the ferry come withs headquarters, wanting to know what had happened to their relatives. (The demonst ration wasnt reported either. n In the Arabic-speaking world, some state broadcasters operate suppressive 1 regimes but satellite broadcasting takes the independent voice of al-Jazeera to a television audience of many millions of their people in a rough-cut language. n In the former German Democratic Republic, long forward satellite transmission was common, many television aerials in border theatre of operationss were regularly swung towards the west to receive alternative sources of information and opinion. All this suggests that one of the best arguments for persuading politicians of the merits of free media is that shocking speak agree doesnt ultimately work. The sheer(a) volume of web-traffic, for instance, will in the long term make it un-policeable.There are already more than 7 million servers in the world and that number is increment by a million a month the world-wide web has 3,000 billion pages and another 2,000 are added every hour. China has already given up tr ying to control the Wikipedia web-site. Even where governments are nasty in suppressing free expression, the idea that by doing so they control the way people think is often illusory. In the Soviet era, the two major state media mouthpieces were Izvestia (The News) and Pravda (The Truth). Among the Russian people, a well-known joke was that v Pravdye nye izvestia v Izvestiye nye pravda Theres no news in The Truth and no truth in The News.When people know that information is organism suppressed or manipulated, they become contemptuous of the official media and find their own alternative sources and means of expression. And even when governments profess to act from the best of motives maintaining national unity in the drive to development, for instance the results can be counter- productive. The financial scandals of the 990s in southeasterly Asia showed how, far from protecting decent values, restrictive control of the media simply served to conceal massive corruption. If governm ents really want the media to be a tool for development, that should include being a tool for democracy.Its indeed heavy for media practitioners to twine politicians and officials that, in the modern global context, they have more to gain than to lose by promoting media freedom. Before 980 the Kenyan government tended to view the institutions of civil society more as competitors than as partners in development. There was deep suspicion of any organisation with the potential for developing an independent power-base which included the media. The government was able to ensure that the population was only partially-informed by discouraging the coverage of civil action organisations equipment would be confiscated, publishers would be detained and racy advertising revenue would dry up for fear of offending the authorities.But, as the country progressed from single-party rule to multi-party democracy, politicians began to accept that the state alone simply didnt have the resources to deliver the development initiatives promised at independence. So the 989 Development externalize finally acknowledged that non-state bodies had a part to play alongside government and that the role of the media was crucial in promoting the wider public interest. The lesson is clear. If a government imposes direct control on the media, then civil society will indeed become a rival rather than a partner and the more restrictive 1 Broadcasters Media Management Manual the control, the more opposition elements will seek to exploit alternative outlets for their political advantage.Ultimately, governments are therefore better-served by public-service broadcasting which is firmly established outside the political arena. And, from the management point of view, it becomes increasingly difficult for a broadcaster to compete with rival outlets unless it has the credibleness which comes from editorial independence. The experience of South Africa in 994 is perhaps the most affirmative recent e xample of a fundamental change in the government / media birth. The South African Broadcasting Corporation, once an institution deployed explicitly in support of the nationalist governments apartheid policies, was transformed into a force for democratic expression in which the broadcasters were given independent editorial responsibility.As one observer commented For the tens of thousands who stayed glued to their screens for Election 94, the image of non-racial, non-sexist harmony and goodwill that was beamed into their living-rooms held out more hope for South Africa than many of the parties could offer. In Thailand, privately-owned newspapers gave crucial support to democracy in the free elections of 99 and went on to bring public opinion to bear on making politicians accountable and endorsing the rule of law. In 1996 the first non-government television station began broadcasting, with an speech pattern on news and documentary rig. Radio became even more daring in giving a voic e to alternative views to the extent that even the state media began to change. Sadly, such freeing-up of the media can be short-lived.In 1990, for the first time, two non-political appointments were made to the chairmanships of the state television and radio partnerships of one central European country and for two and a one-half years its broadcast media were actually among the most independent anywhere in Europe. It didnt last by 993 the government had won a media war which removed their autonomy. Its excessively ironical that, in the same country, some dissident publications which were actually tolerated in the later stages of communism have since been laboured to close under the financial pressures of the new free-market economy. If the media lay claim to freedom of expression in the public interest, it follows that they must in turn take international themselves ethically and responsibly if that reedom is to be justified (see Appendix A, Section 1). If they dont, there w ill be many forces at large only too ready to take their freedoms away. Its alike important to persuade politicians that media coverage is most effective when it starts from the audiences point of view, not from the establishments. I was once in an Asian country when the government announced a plan to ensure that all its children should be vaccinated against polio a marvellous initiative which deserved universal recognition. So how did the state broadcaster deal with it? By covering a press conference at which the minister extolled his governments (admirable, I repeat) enlightenment.But what did the audience really need to know about the innovation? If you start from their point of view, you get quite a different order of priorities. Whats important to 1 them is n The nature of the danger n What immunisation will do for your child n Its universally available n Its free n Its safe n Its painless (oral, not injection) n Heres where to get it. The Americans have a good term for this kind of information news you can use. Politicians (who often dont really understand how the media work) can be slow to realise that its an approach which would win them more accolades among their people than any amount of PR posturing.We practitioners need to work constantly to sell these messages. Whats the Media Game? 3 Media Legislation, Regulation & Governance 19 Media institutions Since the modelling at bottom which we work largely determines what we can and cant achieve as managers, its worth considering the pros and cons of different systems. Designing a framework within which the media operate is a multi-layered process. Some elements will need to be specify in primary economy others may be denominated to an independent regulator with devolved statutory powers media operators themselves will have their own internal codes of practice and professional bodies may also endorse codes of ethics and standards.One way or another, the framework needs to cover, essentially n Med ia governance n The registration of media outlets n The licensing of media outlets (including licence fees) n The ownership of media outlets particularly foreign- and cross-ownership n Licence acquaint procedures n Licence accordance procedures n The regulation of media practice n Legal constraints on the disclosure of information be governed by regulatory codes which can be readily amended as circumstances change. An act of parliament, for instance, might establish the basic principle of observing acceptable standards of strain and decency but its the regulatory bodys code of practice which would interpret this broad intent in terms of the specific use of images, language or techniques. The regulator can then amend the rules in the light of experience without having to refer the issuance back to government. restrictive bodiesThis principle of regulation at arms-length from government is also a safeguard against the medias becoming a tool in the direct control of politicians a n aspect of the separation of powers principle which is crucial in democracies. In Britain, politicians (of all parties) will from time to time fulminate against some perceived offense by the BBC but, historically, the minister responsible for broadcasting (again regardless of party) has always replied that the BBC is not a government agency, that he or she doesnt exercise direct control over it and that the complainant should take the matter up with the BBCs own (independent) Board of Governors. The Board of Governors has therefore acted as a soften between politicians and media practitioners it has made the BBC a selfregulating body. In many parts of the world this is an alien concept.While working with British colleagues in one country-in-transition, we were told unequivocally by a minister that, if hed had his way, wed never have been invited to give advice Id have chosen Primary legislation The media scene is developing at an extraordinary pace. Any system therefore needs to be flexible enough to accommodate rapid change without the need for the constant revision of primary legislation. So instruments such as broadcasting acts should do no more than establish the institutions and embody fundamental principles their detailed application should 20 Broadcasters Media Management Manual someone from selenium Asia, where they know how to make the media serve the governments interests. I also remember talking with the Minister of Information in a West African country who was under pressure from his fellow politicians to stop the media doing what theyre doing. With remarkable enlightenment and bravery he was trying to wean his colleagues away from the anticipateation of media manipulation and towards a culture in which the government should expect to make its wooing to the people alongside alternative views. Sadly, he went in the next coup. A consultancy report on the state broadcaster in the same country showed how damaging political interference could be deuce factors are militating constantly against honest professional independence the formal relationship with the government and the limitations of resources, which are also funded by the government.These are having profound distorting effects, both editorially and financially. The countrys FM radio service is already proving an attractive vehicle for advertisers and has the potential to mitigate some of the financial problems. But government interference means that the organisation is not in full control of its own airwaves and cannot therefore plan its schedule for maximum audience-effectiveness. So, if there is a political requirement to carry at length a live event like a party rally, there are consequences both for the editorial balance of the output and for revenueearning capacity. The regulatory system for commercial broadcasting is usually different from hat of the public services. In Britain, the government has delegated the overseeing of the industry to an independent re gulatory institution OFCOM, the Office for communication theory, which governs the entire communication theory sector, including telephony and spectrum management (as does AGCOM in Italy) with statutory powers to award broadcasting licences and to police the conduct of the operators. Again, regulation isnt seen as a direct function of the state. But the British system is in the process of significant change. There has long been a view that its unacceptable for the Board of Governors both to govern the BBC and to sit in creative thinker on its performance.The BBC has therefore already been made answerable to OFCOM for a number of regulatory issues and that list is growing the BBC has since re-constituted its Board of Governors as a more independent Trust. Many voices in the industry see this as no more than a holding measure and the beginning of the end of the Board of Governors concept. There are arguments that there should now be a single common regulator for all broadcasting outlets, whether publicly-funded or commercial, so that everybody is obliged to work to the same standards and be held to account in the same way. This would require the internal role of the BBC Governors to be fulfilled by non-executive directors sitting on a single corporation visiting card, as with any other enterprise.That argument is becoming increasingly smooth-tongued in a changing media world and this manual suggests that it offers a dependable regulatory model which can be applied in most contexts. One of its advantages is that it can ensure equity of intercession for the three tiers of broadcasting public, 21 commercial and community. (In South Africa, commercial and community broadcasters successfully lobbied the regulator to impose on the SABC detailed public-service obligations which would reduce what they saw as unsporting competition on their territory. ) adjustment and licensing There can be no real objection to the principle of registering media outlets the r equirement to register a newspaper, for instance, can hardly be described as an interference with the freedom of the press.Indeed, its right that members of the public should be able to identify the owners and publishers of a newspaper if only to know whom to sue if they think theyve been mistreated in its pages. Registration is accepted pretty well universally. But it should be a right as well as a duty not unresistant to refusal or withdrawal at the discretion of politicians or officials and not requiring half-hourly renewal. The licensing of newspapers is quite a different matter. Because it places the ultimate control of periodicals and therefore of what they report and how they comment on it in the hands of the licenser, it is indeed potentially a denial of press freedom.The only real purpose I can see for granting such licences is to have the power to turn over them and so, under that threat, to keep the media compliant and subdued. Because theres no finite spectrum for the publishing of printed matter (as there is with broadcasting), the argument for rationing a scarce resource isnt sustainable. In fact, in most democracies, the licensing of printingpresses disappeared two hundred years ago. But in countries like Malaysia and Singapore the right to print newspapers and periodicals is still given(p) only by government permit and the permit may be with haggard if the government doesnt like what the media are printing. Broadcasting does present a different case.We might say that a free press should be constrained only in the same way that a private citizen is constrained by common laws governing issues such as libel, slander, contempt of court, trespass, copyright and so on. But the allocation of broadcasting frequencies is hardened by international agreements among governments and its therefore not only likely but also essential for those governments to have mechanisms for controlling their domestic allocation. While, in principle, any citizen might have access to a printing-press, access to the airwaves still requires a gatekeeper. In a development context, the media have a vital role to play in educating the public, making people conscious(predicate) of their rights, encouraging participative democracy, exerting pressure for savant governance and exposing wrongdoing. 22Broadcasters Media Management Manual Though, as weve seen, digital technology is making a vast multiplicity of outlets technically possible, many economies will be unable to sustain unregulated commercial competition on a very large scale certainly if there is to be any concern for variety show, quality and public service. This has already been seen in some Balkan states, where political change was accompanied by a headlong rush to set up literally hundreds of commercial station in countries with tiny populations and a very low GDP. Needless to say, the advertising market couldnt support this volume of output and many of them didnt last long.On the co mmercial front, there are those who argue thats mulct a free market should indeed be left to find its own level. Few countries-in-transition are likely to agree that such an approach will meet the real needs of their people particularly of the poor. In a development context, the media have a vital role to play in educating the public, making people aware of their rights, encouraging participative democracy, exerting pressure for enlightened governance and exposing wrongdoing. The development of regulatory and licensing systems in some countries of the former Yugoslavia was also able to mitigate tendencies to use the airwaves to inflame ethnic hatred.Universality, independence and diversity are key to this concept of public service. Indeed, a colloquium conducted by the New Delhi Centre for Media Studies concluded that The official media, increasingly market- and consumer-orientated, are out of tune with the values needed to promote broadbased human development. Development communic ation is most effective when practised as part of social action locally, rather than delivered top-down by media professionals. And heres another quote from a media conference The country needs a non-profit information consortium which would provide the kind of information that society needs but which commercial broadcasting is not providing ..The gaps which need to be filled are in education, public issues, culture, the arts and childrens program. A contribution from a country in the developing world? No in fact the views of an American delegate commenting on the media scene in the United States. (Theres more about how to ensure youre really in tune with your audience in Chapters Six and Eight. ) A market-driven commercial sector alone is therefore, for quite intelligible reasons, unlikely to meet all the needs of a society, whether rich or developing. So its right that there should be a system for awarding broadcasting licences and ensuring that any public-service requirements in the terms of the licence are delivered.It should be clear that whats being licensed is the provision of a specified service, not just the use of a specified frequency (though that service may, of course, be devoted entirely to sport or to entertainment, if thats what you want the classic definition of public-service broadcasting is, after all, that it should inform, educate and entertain). How should the licences be awarded? Not directly by a ministry, we should maintain, but by that independent regulatory body operating at arms-length from government. 23 In most contexts, a straightforward tendering system for granting licences will be perfectly suspend but the process must be open, gossamer and spokesperson of the public interest. Its therefore also right that the terms of the licence should be properly demanding.We should expect them to include at least n Commercial ownership of the broadcasting organisation n Frequencies allocated n Transmission coverage to be achieved n Tec hnical standards n record of the service and minimum hours of transmission by programme category n Minimum percentage of locally-produced programming n Minimum percentage of programming commissioned from independent producers (if relevant) n Maximum minutes of advertising material per hour n entry with the regulatory codes of practice n Mechanisms for dealing with complaints For multiple-channel distributors such as cable companies there may also be whats known as a must-carry requirement that their bundle of services must include certain specified channels.This is usually applied to ensure that theres a free-to-air public-service element in the total offering. programmes and its treatment it should always be a non-governmental body which is responsible for monitoring and judging performance. So, in most cases, it will make sense to entrust both kinds of activity to the same independent body. Its important too that, as well as dealing with compliance and the ethical responsibili ties of the media, the regulatory body may be given a duty to protect their freedoms and to speak out when they come under threat, from whatever source. Independent regulatory bodies How should such a body be set up and the members of its governing circuit board appointed?Ultimately, even if indirectly, this is bound to be a function of government or, preferably, of some kind of cross-party mechanism. But there are ways of ensuring that the nominees are not just politicians cronies or political placemen. In some countries, vacancies on regulatory bodies have to be advertised and, in principle, anybody may apply and selection is overseen by an independent public appointments commission thats the UKs system. In others, particular interest groups (industry, trade unions, religious bodies, arts organisations, the education sector and so on) may have the right to nominate candidates thats the case in Germany.And South African law requires the members of its Independent Communications Au thority to have suitable qualifications, expertise and experience in the fields of, among others, broadcasting and telecommunications policy, engineering, technology, frequency band planning, law, marketing, journalism, entertainment, education, economics, business practice and finance. Compliance with licence terms In ensuring compliance, it may be that the quantitative aspects of the licence terms (the elements which can be measured objectively and arent matters of judgement such as transmitter coverage, hours broadcast, percentage of local programming and so on) could be ensured by a government agency. But in qualitative matters the content of 2 Broadcasters Media Management Manual A tall order, you may think.But even when the appointments have ultimately to be endorsed by a minister, such measures may at least ensure that the regulator is broadly representative of society in general. Under the South African system it is parliament, rather than the government, which oversees th e appointments process. Appointments are also made on a rotating basis so avoiding clean-sweep change at politically sensitive times such as the run-up to elections and the regulators independence is constitutionally assured legislation limits ministerial powers to broad policy directives (which must be published) and excludes any government involvement in particular licensing decisions.All of this challenges the Ministry of Information mentality. In other countries, even where the transplanting of patterns of parliamentary government and elections have established a formal framework of legitimacy as in some South-east Asian countries the habits and attitudes required for a healthy civic culture and true participatory democracy have often remained undeveloped. The regulatory body will, of course, also need a team of professional full-time staff to tool policy on the ground. They are likely to require regular reports and returns on quantitative compliance and may sample-monitor output or conduct spotchecks on qualitative matters, both editorial and technical.And there will usually be an annual assessment meeting at which the broadcaster will be held to account for its overall performance. responsibility not only for awarding licences but also for ensuring compliance with their terms. Unless with this responsibility comes the power to impose sanctions on transgressors, the regulator will be a toothless creature. The government should therefore also delegate to the regulator the power of applying sanctions for instance, to admonish broadcasters, to require them to broadcast corrections and / or apologies, to fine them, to suspend their licences or even ultimately to revoke a licence altogether. (A commercial broadcaster in Britain was once cautioned for a breach of the productplacement rules.A second flagrant violation of the code brought it a fine of ? 00,000. More recently, a broadcaster was fined more than ? 1 million for the fleecing of viewers during a phone-in competition. ) But the more extreme penalties should seldom, if ever, need to be invoked, if only because of the broadcasters instincts for self-preservation. The regulator will probably draw up more than one code with which broadcasters must comply if theyre to retain their licences. Theres likely to be, for instance, a technical code and a code governing advertising practice. But the most vital will be the programme or editorial code, which embodies the rules by which the stations day-to-day output will be judged.Provided that broadcasters have in place proper systems for ensuring compliance with the codes (such as the principle of referring up see page 82), they can be a powerful shield in the face of criticism, whether from governments or from other sources. Appendix A suggests how such a programme code might work. Its not an example from any single source but a compilation and a distillation of sound principles from several Regulatory codes The regulatory body has d evolved to it the 2 The regulatory body has devolved to it the responsibility not only for awarding licences but also for ensuring compliance with their terms. Unless with this responsibility comes the power to impose sanctions on transgressors, the regulator will be a toothless creature. contexts both from regulatory instruments and from broadcasters own internal codes of practice.Nor is it a normal for universal application any such code must be drawn up with proper sensitivity to the culture of local society. But its not a bad summary of the kind of standards to which we should, as professionals, aspire. The acknowledgement of cultural differences is essential and this isnt an issue only between (as its often now presented) the Muslim and the nonMuslim world. Western nations too have their own taboos and nuances of acceptability. American programmes have often to be adapted for transmission in Britain because of whats seen as excessively violent content on the other hand, Amer ican audiences tend to have a rather more tight-laced attitude to sexuallyexplicit content than do Europeans.In its coverage of a terrorist bomb incident, Italian television felt able to show much more frightening illustration of the carnage than did British television though both had access to exactly the same footage. At an educational television conference (admittedly some years ago now), the Danish delegation showed a teenage sexeducation programme which addressed menstruation in a frank and open way. The broadcasters from southern Europe, including Bavaria and also, interestingly, those from Israel said at the time that it would be impossible for them to transmit such a programme to schools. Repeatedly, the model code emphasises the need to protect children from inappropriate, manipulative or potentially corrupting material.Some regulators aim to achieve this by imposing a mandatory watershed in the schedule a time (usually around 200) before which all broadcast material should be suitable for family viewing and listening but after which more pornographic treatments are acceptable. Such a watershed is likely to be variable quantity at times of rapid social change. Some would argue that, in the video age, its also become unrealistic. Many primary school teachers can tell horror-stories of how even very young children have been able to view at home material they would never be allowed to see in a cinema. Again, this is a matter which has to be resolved within the local context, with on-air warnings where appropriate. Editorial freedom and disclosure Day-to-day editorial management is covered Broadcasters Media Management Manual in Chapter Eight. But there are two aspects with legal implications which we should consider here. The first is the disclosure by the media of seemingly confidential information which they acquire through effluxs. The model code in Appendix A makes it quite clear that leaking is generally done not by the media but to the media, often by politicians themselves (or by companies, or whatever) or by their representatives. Any entity with a vested interest may quite somewhat want to keep some of the information it possesses under wraps and to invoke sanctions against employees who leak it. But maintaining that ecurity is their responsibility, not the medias. If such information should come the way of the media, its their role in civil society to disclose it for public affection in the public interest (think of Watergate). This principle was well put by one of the most famous editors of The Times, John Thaddeus Delane, as long ago as 82 The first duty of the Press is to have the earliest and most correct intelligence of the events of the time and instantly, by disclosing them, make them the common property of the nation .. The Press lives by disclosures whatever passes into its retention becomes a part of the knowledge and history of our times.In countries with strong freedomof-information laws, such as the Scandinavian countries, the United States, Australia and New Zealand, this principle is clear and explicit and is a significant enabler of investigative journalism. On the other hand, a law such as Britains Official Secrets Act of 1914 (passed as a terror measure, with little debate, in the run-up to the First World War) made even the possession of restricted official information a criminal offence. Effectively, it allowed a journalist to be imprisoned simply for doing his or her job. Thats not, we should maintain, an appropriate use of the criminal law. The second issue is the protection of sources. In some countries (in Sweden, for example) media practitioners are protected by law from being compelled to reveal the sources of their information.But almost everywhere, even without such legal protection, they accept a moral and professional obligation not to disclose a source when theyve given their word not to do so. Journalists have gone to prison rather than go this confi dentiality in 2005 in the United States a federal judge confine Judith Miller for refusing to confirm the source of leaked information in the Plame case in 2006 Lance Williams and Mark FainaruWada were sentenced to 8 months for contempt of court for a similar refusal in a case involving alleged drug-taking by professional athletes. Without that office and the confidence that it will be honoured much journalism in the public interest would be impossible.Lord Denning, when he was Britains most senior appeal-court judge, put it like this If the press were compelled to disclose their sources they would soon be bereft of information which they ought to have. Their sources would dry up. Wrongdoing would not be disclosed .. Unfairness would go unremedied .. Misdeeds in the corridors of power in companies or in government departments would never be known. 2 (Please note that these are the words of a senior member of the judicial establishment, not of some wild-eyed, gung-ho media revo lutionary. ) The case-history on page 37 gives an example (from India) in which investigative journalism discovered atrocious criminal activity, exposed it in the public interest, enabled the criminals to be brought to justice and initiated significant improvements in health-safety practices. Media ownershipThe media are an industry and media development is a global phenomenon. operate by technology and the market, media industries are everywhere proliferating, fragmenting, combining and diversifying. No country can insulate itself completely from these trends. And, indeed, foreign ownership can bring important inward enthronement to the country, in the media as in other fields. In some countries it may also provide some ensure of media freedom. There can clearly be no universal formula for what degree of foreign ownership is acceptable or desirable but any limitation should certainly be included in the terms of the licence 15% to 20% is a common figure.The terms should also ens ure that foreign ownership should not traduce the interests, culture and heritage of the host country. More than one government has sold off the seed-corn of its frequency spectrum to foreign providers, only to see the local audience sold short. When television was first launched in Fiji, the government granted the New Zealand company TVNZ a monopoly for twelve years of its only terrestrial channel. In a small developing country, the broadcasters rigorously commercial plan was, unsurprisingly, based on low capital investment, minimum operating expenditure and a high level of low-cost imported programming from Australia and New Zealand.Locallyproduced programming accounted for only 0% of the output and there was no adaptation even of international commercials for local audiences. There was nothing at all stealthy in any of this it was all clearly spelt out in the business plan which the government accepted, But local dissatisfaction with the service lasted for many years. Cross-med ia ownership is another matter. It would self-evidently be unhealthy for democratic pluralism if a single provider were to own, say, all the major newspapers and all the radio and television outlets in any country. Restrictions on such crossownership are clearly in the public interest and should be part of the terms of the licence again, 20% is a common limitation.Indeed, theres a good case for setting the permitted levels in the primary legislation. The support of broadcasting This is another area in which the tectonic plates are shifting. Public-service broadcasting is generally funded through a statutory levy on households equipped to receive its transmissions. There are many ways of collecting this fee. In Britain, viewers have to purchase a licence by mail, at a post-office or on-line. They may pay it by instalments but, if they own or rent a television set, they must have a licence even if they never watch the public-service channels it funds (the publicly-funded radio servic es are free). Not to pay is actually a criminal, not a civil, 2 Broadcasters Media Management Manual ffence. The licence fee is thus effectively a regressive poll-tax though one to which, historically, theres been little public resistance. That may soon change. Other countries use different methods of collection in France its now added to the annual bill for local property taxes in Macedonia its an summation to the monthly electricity bill. In other countries, as in Australia, it comes in the form of a government grant paid for through general taxation. In most countries public-service broadcasters are now subject to hybrid funding, whereby a proportion of their income comes from public sources but much of it has to be raised commercially.Hybrid funding can lead to tensions between public and purely commercial broadcasters when it leads the former to chase ratings and revenue at the latters expense allegations of unfairly-subsidised competition and a dilution of the public-service mission are very common. In the United States, the stations of the Public Service Broadcasting channel supplement their core income by seeking, through energetic on-air campaigns, free-will donations from the people of the communities they serve. Commercial broadcasting has a wider range of funding options. Historically, the most common source has been advertising revenue, derived from selling air-time for commercials in slots between and during programmes across the schedule.The proliferation of outlets is inevitably diluting this as a source of income. And, as technology enables viewers to skip the commercials if they want to, it provides a less and less secure income swarm. Another source is sponsorship, when an organisation pays to have its product or identity associated with a programme or with a broadcast event. Sponsorship too is going through a process of change. Whereas, in the past, it was regarded almost as the equivalent of a donation, its now much more crisply brand- orientated. In the future, as the market fragments, its likely to shift its emphasis even more closely to the individual consumer.An area of some joust is product placement when, rather than buying advertising air-time, an advertiser pays to have the product included prominently within the editorial content of a programme its long been an accepted practice in run around films. For years, undue prominence of this kind has been prohibited by broadcasting regulators (and by self-regulating public-service broadcasters) but the new ability of viewers to evade the commercial breaks is making such placement an attractive alternative and probably unstoppable, at least within fictional and entertainment formats. It should, however, have no place in news and current affairs programmes, where it would clearly jeopardise editorial independence. Then there is subscription, where a viewer or listener pays a monthly fee for access to a specified bundle of channels which are otherwise encrypted and so unobtainable.An alternative (or a supplement) is pay-perview, whereby the consumer accesses and pays for only the individual programmes he or she wants this can also be used for video-on-demand services. And then there is the internet, initially used by broadcasters only as a supplementary service to their main channels but now increasingly a production and distribution medium in its 29 own right. As with newspaper web-sites, most internet broadcasting is still free to the consumer, as its seen as a spin-off from the core business even if it costs the supplier a great deal of money. At present most providers mitigate those costs by selling advertising on the website but we may well see new kinds of subscription and pay-per-view all-inclusive to these services too.Nor should we forget the programmes themselves as sources of funding. Through co-production, several broadcasters may have to the production budget in return for the right to transmit the result. It gives the part icipants access to formats and scales of production they couldnt individually afford. Programme sales of completed productions to other broadcasters can also provide a significant revenue stream for high-volume producers and there may also be a market for retail sales to the public of cassettes or DVDs. The use of premium telephone lines in audience-participation formats such as phone-ins can generate a useful supplement to mainstream income, as can SMS messaging.Small local stations may also compete or even collaborate with the local press in class advertising (small-ads. ). Where programmes particularly longrunning series attract large audiences, merchandising can be a significant revenue-earner. Apart from recordings of the programmes themselves, spin-off products such as tie-in books, toys and games can thrive on the publicity generated by the original broadcasts. Branded products promoting the identity of a broadcaster or a channel can also increase consumer awareness, par ticularly if they are distributed as part of a presence at public events. The governance of media organisationsIf we assume a single, common regulatory body for all broadcasting (see page 20), theres no reason why public-service and commercial broadcasters shouldnt also adopt a common kind of corporate structure, based on normal company practice. This requires that there should be a board of directors and an executive (or board of management). A public-service broadcaster will usually operate under some form of charter and licence a commercial company will have its own memorandum and articles of association within which the board must operate. The directors effectively constitute the company and are legally responsible for its conduct. They approve its strategy, assure its financial viability, oversee the work of the executive and are answerable to stakeholders for the companys performance but their role is essentially to set policy, not to micro-manage the operation.In the case of a commercial company, their prime responsibility is to the shareholders who have funded the company and who expect a return on their investment in the case of a public-service operator, its to th

Competencies Variations Between Associate Degree and Baccalaureate Degree Nurses Essay

Competencies Variation between mate Degree and Baccalaureate Degree The difference in competencies between the agree peak and Baccalaureate degree nurse has been a topic for intelligence for many historic period. Prior to the modern practice of nursing the sick was interpreted care of by non skilled persons such as sinners, saints or mothers (Fact Sheet). advance(a) nursing began with Florence Nightingale, but has evolved over the years to become a teeming report that includes advances in education of nurses, thus forming three entry train of nursing, Diploma, Associate and Baccalaureate of nursing. This discussion will address the difference in competencies between the associate degree and Baccalaureate degree nurses. The ADN program was started to help the need of nurses in the post war years.This is a cardinal years program that teaches the nurse to provide comfort the physiologic stability and self-possessed death. (Yoder 2010). This program was also seen as an ideal c ourse for those who prefer a faster and inexpensive route of becoming a registered nurse. Even though the bedside practice of the ADN and BSN nurses are similar, the ADN nurse focuses on the practical assistance more(prenominal) than the theory. The difference in competencies cannister be seen in the extra dickens years required for the BSN program.These graduates are exposed to more prerequisites theory, leadership management, look for and community based health courses. (Spensor 2008). They are more prepared for the ever so changing heath care field because their main focus, are rise based practice. They are taught to think independently, use judgment, critical thinking, reasoning and conclusiveness making skills, to understand the situation at hand before providing care, and by utilizing these skill they are better able to work within interdisciplinary team and have better patient care outcome.An example of this was ascertained in a patient care situation on a med surgica l unit, where the ADN nurse was taking care of a patient with history of uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension who was about to be discharged. His blood glucose was regularly monitored, medicine was dispensed appropriately and she made sure that he was receiving the appropriate nourishment tray from the kitchen. However when his call light was answered by the BSN nurse she noticed that he had a packet of potato chips and some cookies on his bedside table that was open.She address his need, then told him that she noticed the cookies and potato chips at his bedside, which he admitted to be snacking on, and added that the cookies were breadstuff free and chips were not very salty and that was all he could in reality afford. The BSN nurse was able to address the situation at hand and was able to teach the pt that even though a packet may read sugar free did not mean it was ok to have. Since it can be loaded with carbohydrates, which break down into sugar.She then collaborated with interdisciplinary team of dietician and affectionate work to prepare this patient for discharge, where this patient and his family were taught how to comply with his diet, by learning how read labels, choose foods, and the important of doing so. Social services ensure that he was provided with the information of community based resources in his part that will attend to his financial as well as his social needs.Even though the ADN nurses bedside nursing was appropriate, it was clear that the two extra years of understanding the concept behind the skills separated a nurse that use critical thinking from one that performed task. In repartee to the ever changing healthcare system a higher degree of nurses are sought. Therefore the nursing programs help to equip graduates to provide superior and holistic care while encouraging them to achieve lifelong spare-time activity for knowledge and the pursuit of advance professional degree.

Basic Terminologies in Food Preparation Essay

Research about pruneing, plate, mixing of succuss,How to serve in supplyGarnishingA forage item which is served with garnish may be described as being garni, the French term for garnished. A garnish is an item or substance apply as a laurel or embellishment and often a impression component on a prep atomic number 18d food dish or drink. In some(prenominal) cases, it may give added or contrasting flavor, some garnishes be selected first base to augment the visual impact of the plate, while others atomic number 18 selected specifically for the flavor they may impart. A garnish makes food or drink items much visually appealing. They may, for example, enhance their color, such as when paprika is sprinkled on a salmon salad. They may give a color contrast, for example when chive argon sprinkled on potatoes. They may make a cocktail more visually appealing, such as when a cocktail umbrella is added to an exotic drink.PlatingThe emplacement and overall styling of food upon br inging it to the plate is termed plating. Some common styles of plating include a classic location of the main item in the front of the plate with vegetables or starches in the back, a stacked arrangement of the various items, or the main item leaning or shingled upon a vegetable bed or side item .Item location on the plate is often referenced as for the face of a clock, with hexad oclock the position closest to the diner. A basic hold of thumb upon plating, and even in some cases prepping, is to make sure you fall in the 5 components to a dish protein, traditionally at a 6 oclock position, vegetable, at a 2 oclock position, starch at an 11 oclock position, sauce and garnish. blend of JuicesUnderstanding how to combine different types of juice may improve your achiever in making fresh juice that is easier to digest. This is a method for selecting the veracious juices to mix, according to their compatibility. As a result, easy digestion is promoted. When you consume juice or fo od it undergoes m either changes and is broken down into its constituent nutrients and then absorbed. A noteworthy feature of digestive secretions is that your body adjusts its fluid and enzymes to the character of the food eaten and juices consumed.There ar, however, limitations in this process. It is possible for your body to adjust its digestive secretions to a particularjuice, however, complex it may be, but this adjustment process mickle be incomplete when a variety of juices ar consumed at the corresponding time. This combining of in harmonious juices may cause digestive disorder. Fruit juice is categorized according to the type of fruit it is from. The four fruit categories agreeable fruits, acidic fruits, sub acidic fruits, and watery fruits.How to serve in specsSelecting the right methamphetamineware for your table and bar go away enhance the manner of your presentation, add elegance to your inspection and repair style and give flair to an expression of ordinary dining and entertaining that is often overlooked. Beyond the aesthetics, specialized glassware is created to complement the drink it is intended to serve. Knowing the basics of vino, beer, and cocktail glasses hindquarters ensure that each and every beverage you serve can be enjoyed at the peak of its flavor. Use this guide to determine the most allow glassware for your needs and impress friends and connoisseurs alike.Wine spectaclesAlthough wine glasses come in m some(prenominal) different sizes, the cup portion or bowl is the most important aspect. The visual appeal, body of the wine and prevail of the aromas are all factors in choosing the correct glass. There are no hard, fast rules for serving wine, but the following commonplaces are p sassarily observed. * tearing Wine Traditionally, red wines with strong posys are served in the larger bowled wine glasses. The greater exposed surface gives these heady wines a good opportunity to breathe without losing the aroma. * W hite Wine Lighter, more delicate white wines are served in magniloquenter glassware with a more narrow bowl that allows the bouquet to concentrate.* Champagne The tall slender flute style glass is the surmount fit for champagne as it displays the sparkling quality of the bubbles at the surpass advantage. The low, wide open champagne glasses arent really virtual(a) as they are good spilled and cause the champagne to go right away much more quickly. * Sherry/ appearance As sherry and port are generally strong wine hybrids that are served as pre or post dinner aperitifs, they are generally served in exceptionally small glasses. Like liqueurs, Sherry and Port are both meant to be sipped and the size of the glass indicates the correctserving amount.Beer GlassesWhile true beer en consequentlyiasts will tell you that using all glass is preferable to tipsiness from the bottle or can, there are specific glasses for specific types of beer. Like wine, the shape of the glass will af fect the aroma and subsequent overall enjoyment of the beer. Unlike in Europe where there are many different types of beer appreciated and thus many beer glass styles, American beer is typically served in mugs or pilsner glasses. A pilsner glass is the typical tall narrow glass with the slightly wider rim that you will see frequently employ in bars. Lighter beers are traditionally served in pilsner glasses while darker, heavier brews are more compatible with mugs or steins.Cocktail GlassesThere are countless numbers of cocktail concoctions and blend drinks, but luckily most of these drinks are intended for a standard set of glasses. * Collins Glasses Alternately referred to as tumblers, these 14-16 oz tall glasses are the right choice for soft drinks, whiskey sours, bloody marys and any juice-based cocktail such as the cranberry juice and vodka. The larger size of the glass complements the limit amount of inebriant content in these drinks. Most standard drinking glasses can be classified as Collins glasses. * Highball Glasses At a slightly smaller 10-12 ounces, highball glasses are used for stronger flux drinks such as the tequila sunrise, gin and tonic and long island iced tea. These are also commonly used when a tall version of a stronger drink is requested. Thin and elegant, the highball glass is a classy addition to any glassware collection.* Rocks Glasses Also called old-fashioned, these small square molded glasses are used to serve cocktails with a high alcohol content and little else, such as rum and coke, southern reliever or seven and seven. As can be inferred from their name, rocks glasses are also used to serve shots on the rocks. * Shot Glasses As the name indicates, shot glasses are used for serving shots sequent up. In addition, shot glasses can also be used to measure the amount of alcohol used in other mixed drinks and are a great addition to any bar, even if you weart plan on serving shots.* Hurricane Glasses A tall glass with a g raceful curve in the center, Hurricane glasses are typically employed to serve theirnamesake drink, along with daiquiris and margaritas. The beautiful shape of the glass makes any drink visually pleasing. * Martini Glasses One of the most easily recognizable glasses and the favorite of James Bond devotees worldwide, martini glasses are primarily used to servemartinis. The wide, triangular glass is available in many unique styles and is a staple of any bar set-up.

Definition of Failure

Hannah Goracke Dr. Young English Composition 101 26 kinsfolk 2012 Failure Failure is an ambiguous term. Each person can define what it means to fail in a different way. Just as someone has their own standards of leading a winnerful life, they also earn their own standards in terms of maybe leading a non so successful life. Within the sacred scripture chastening therein lays a few different meanings that may differ from person to person depending on his or her own opinion. Each person may have had a different experience with calamity, which led him or her to believe what he or she does.Today, failure can be attached to three different ideas. First, failure can be defined as the opposite of success. Lost the operate? You failed it. Got a 54 per centum on your last math shew? Thats failure. Whether this failure comes about as a result of indolence or just bad luck, this is the type of failure that we have been taught since we knew how to opus the give voice. It is the most common use of the word if you were to ask a stochastic stranger what failure meant to them, they would most likely correlate it with the word success.Failure is not success, it is failing to succeed. Still, there is another meaning of the word that takes on a more philosophical view. Failure, some may argue, is the actually the word apply to describe the result of not trying. This definition has to do with the resultant role the effort opposed to trying but not reaching a specific goal. Failing to do eitherthing at all is failing to try. You expect to run the race, but you dont? Failure. Got a 54 percent on your math test? Technically failing, but did you try?If any sort of trying was involved, failure did not occur. Even by acquire an F on the math test, there was still an A for effort. The terce meaning may require a bit more explanation. The word fail has become quite commonplace in todays society among green tween-age kids to teenagers. It has become a slang term, usuall y used in humorous situations. It is often used to kid or open fun of another or themselves when a small and funny drop off has been committed. It is almost always used in a joking manner.You overslept your alarm system and missed your first class? Fail. That person left their blinker on for two miles after they turned? Fail. The word fail has become pull up stakes of the young peoples generation. It is a term that is used really commonly among the teenagers of today. Failure can have multiple meanings. How its understand all depend on the person and the context of their situation. mortal who time-tested to complete a task but instead experienced failure might be bitter or optimistic depending on his or her out research.Someone who is more pessimistic might repeat that failure is the opposite of success. Someone who has a more optimistic mindset would be able to look at the bigger picture understand that by failing to try, they pass their chances of success exponentially. F ailure has taken on another meaning as a popular slang term used by young people to describe a funny mistake. The term failure holds more ambiguity that depends on the perspective and experiences of the person putting it in use.

Radiological Threat to Public Safety

Radiation is a silent death sentence i. e. you cannot see, smell, or taste it. When radiological satisfying ends up in the wrong give it can become a catastrophic tool of mass destruction. The human races certificate against radiological threats is in the hands of federal, fix, and local political sympathies agencies. These agencies strike the responsibility to regulate, mitigate, monitor, and respond to incidents involving sources of radiological materials. An abridgment of current radiological threats will provide an improved understanding of probable and creditable radiological threats confronted by the public.Radiological Threat to Public sentry go Newswire (2011) states, Less than one-third of the population feels they ar prepared for a terrorist attack, specifically a radiological attack such as a rotten give out calorimeter yet over eighty percent of Americans feel this causa of threat is imminent. Howard & Forest (2008), suggest that a terrorist radiological attack would come by way of a radiological dispersion engineer (RDD) or a dirty attack i. e. a assail motley with radiological material and conventional explosives (p. 90).Oppenheimer (2008) states, The threat of thermo atomic terrorism is utmost more(prenominal) than likely from a radiological dispersal device (RDD)a conventional IED laced with a radioisotopethan via a atomic fission weapon( space-reflection symmetry 1). Uranium and plutonium are well known elements utilise in thermonuclear devises. Howard et al. (2008) states, Only uranium and a few another(prenominal) elements, notably plutonium, can be turned into explosive weapons, only many more elements emit ray syndrome (p. 90). Howard et al. (2008), states, Two basic designs of crude nuclear explosives are likely to be adequate for most purposes of terrorist groups intent on nuclear terrorism(p. 14). The first generation, gun- casing nuclear explosive device is similar to the bomb that destroyed the city of Hiroshima, Japan.This is the simplest crude devise to design and construct with a originatorful nuclear explosion (Howard et al. 2008, p. 114). The United States Department of Health and homophile Services (2011) stipulates that the first step in understanding creditable beam of light emergencies is to draw the distinction between a nuclear event (like the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan) and a radiological event, such as a nuclear power plant incident or a radiological dispersal device (e. . , dirty bomb). The fol ruggeding is suggested credible nuclear and radiological events. nuclear Events * Produces a nuclear detonation involving the joining (fusion) or splitting (fission) of atoms to affirm an intense pulse or wave of heat, light, air pressure, and ray.* Highly crushing explosion that instantly devastates people and buildings because of extreme heat and impact of the blast. * Leaves macro tot ups of radioactivity and fallout behind. Radiological Events * May involve e xplosion and foreswear of radioactivity, but no nuclear fission. Typically, have less radioactivity released than in a nuclear event. In both events, the wind direction on with the weather patterns can spread radioactivity over a wide of the mark compass (DHHS, 2008). Oppenheimer (2008), stipulated that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) suggested that From 1993 to 2004, in that location were more than 400 confirmed incidents of trafficking materialsarrests and seizures involving hot sourcesthat could only be used to germinate a RDD(para 5). check to Howard et al. (2008) no terrorist group has of all clipping fielded or deployed a nuclear devise(p. 110).However, Oppenheimer (2008) states, Only one RDD incident is known A dynamite bomb laced with cesium-137, a radioisotope used widely in medicine, was planted by Chechen separatists in a Moscow putting surface in December 1995 (para 3). Authorities were able to find the terrorist RDD before it was detonated (Oppe nheimer, 2008, para 3). The premise is evident i. e. terrorist organizations have the capability to obtain and deploy a RDD. Howard et al. (2008) suggest, A homemade nuclear device, although crude and less efficient than a state military weapon, could very well serve the needs of a terrorist group (p. 113).Bullock, Haddow, Coppola, & Yeletaysi (2009), describe different types of terrorist events that tycoon include the use of hot material. * Introducing radioactive material into the food or water supply. * Using explosives to dispersion radioactive materials. * Bombing or destroying a nuclear facility. * Exploding a petite nuclear device (p. 187). Oppenheimer (2008) described and highlighted the unpredictable radiological poisoning of a former KBG agent Alexander Litvinenko by polonium-210 in London in November 2006 (para 6). This type of radiation, once inhaled or ingested, will cause an illness that is indisposed and painful.The contamination spread as the Litvinenko moved n early London and beyond (Oppenheimer, 2008, para 6). fit to Oppenheimer (2008), The U. K. Health Protection Agency had the unenviable designate of tracing and testing the urine of hundreds of potential contacts and arranging for them to be treat and counseled(para 6). There were a total of 17 people who were contaminated with radiation at above-average levels (Oppenheimer, 2008, para 6). Oppenheimer (2008) suggests that A growing number of smuggling cases since 2002 have involved radioisotopes used in civilian industries and medicine(para 2).Radioactive materials that are no longer considered useful in medicine could be used in building a RDD or a dirty bomb (The American Nuclear Society, 2005). Some agencies feel as though there has not been enough of a concerted effort focused on the threat of a radiological attack such as a dirty bomb (Newswire, 2011). Oppenheimer (2008) describes four attempts at deploying RDD by Chechens i. e. deploying an RDD and attacking a nuclear power plant, which are not well documented but are known within the EOD (explosives ordnance disposal) community(para 1).Hawley (2008) suggests, The use of a pharmaceutical grade radioactive material attached to a metro bomb would release radioactive material. In addition this miserable amount of radiation could cause sickness over time. Howard et al. (2008) states, Extended vulnerability to low-level radioactive material subjoins the likelihood of cellular destruction(, p. 90). The low level of protective cover at many of Russias nuclear power plants and abandoned Russian Northern Fleet submarines has also increased the take chances of possible terrorist attacks or takeovers. There still are about cxx subs with fueled reactors in need of disposal (Oppenheimer, 2008, papa 2).If a nuclear meltdown or explosion at a nuclear facility ever took place a large quantity of radioactive material would be released into the environment. Employees at the nuclear facility would likely be contam inated with radioactive particles to include injuries from the explosion itself. Individuals who received a large dose of radiation might develop acute radiation syndrome. Individuals in the surrounding area could be exposed or contamination and would need medical assists along with decontamination (Bullock, et al. 2009 p. 233). This huge perplexity and worry of radiological threats, voiced by the public, might not be credible.This is based on research and analyses performed by many agencies. According to Bevelacqua & Stilp (2009), Bombings involving storage facilities or transportation vehicle pose the great threat(p. 60). Mitigating potential bombings of critical facilities and transportation is a challenge for federal, state and local agencies. Bevelacqua et al. (2009) states A nuclear bomb threat is marvellous to be carries out for a number of reasons, including the extreme expense, its logistical difficulty, and the enormous amount of technology necessary to develop a dispe rse such a devise (p. 9). Hawley (2008) states, The use of an actual nuclear detonation device is unlikely and very improbable given protective cover these materials have (p. 233). The amount of nuclear material required for an extensive nuclear result and the particular type of material needed set ups use unlikely (Hawley, 2008, p. 233). Bullock, et al. (2009) states Although a dirty bomb could cause right injuries from the explosion, it most likely would not have enough radioactive material in a form that would cause serious radiation sickness among large numbers of people.Oppenheimer (2008) suggests, There are numerous obstacles to overcome when weaponizing radioactive materials the same devices that could be a threat to the public also pose potential threats to terrorists(para 3). Howard et al. 2008, describe the seven myths identified about the threat of nuclear terrorism. 1. Terrorist want a lot of people watching, not a lot of people dead. 2. Nuclear material required to m ake a bomb are nearly infeasible for terrorist to obtain. 3. Difficulties of constructing or thievery a nuclear bomb are unlikely by a terrorist group. 4.The only way a terrorist organization could acquire a nuclear bomb is from a state. 5. The mistaken belief that it is possible to put in place around the United States and other major countries a security cordon that can reduce to a low level the risk that nuclear weapons and material might be smuggled in. 6. The notion that an offensive security posture alone will mitigate the threat of nuclear terrorism. 7. A number of states analysts argue that states would not be especially interested in a stolen nuclear or stolen material to make one, because they want to declare the material for as many nuclear weapons as they need (p. 02). According to Shaw (2001) Most studies of preventing terrorist nuclear attacks have reached the same basic conclusionnone of the available basic techniques is sufficiently capable to preclude a happy att ack with a high degree of confidence (p 3).The following are the seven suggested basic techniques 1. Arms swear and related diplomatic measures to take in proliferation and access to technology and materials for making nuclear weapons. 2. Physical security and control of existing weapons and materials. 3. Pre-emptive actions. . Deterrent threats of retaliation for attacks. 5. Border controls and related domestic security measures aimed at preventing the movement of weapons or materials into the US. 6. Intelligence collection and law enforcement measures jumper lead to the discovery and apprehension of would-be perpetrators. 7. Effective consequence control and palliationstill a long way from realitycould be at best a distant second in desirability. Public statement on the effects of radiation might allow for understanding the credibleness of radiological events.Hawley (2008) states, Education on hazards of radiation and the effective use of radiation monitors can ease this ten ding (p. 234). There are organizations established to rail radiological protection, challenges, and issues. The Newswire (2011) states, The Radiological Threat Awareness Coalition (R-TAC) was established to increase awareness and preparedness in this country against a possible radiological attack such as a dirty bomb(para 1) This interactional awareness and preparedness was validated successfully by London government agencies responding to prevented a radiological event from becoming catastrophe.Oppenheimer (2008) suggests that the London incident repartee demonstrate that government agencies could rapidly adapt to an unprecedented situation(para 6). This radiological event also showed that nuclear events are all but impossible to predict. Conclusion The mitigation of nuclear weapons issues remain a heighten concern by free nations. The management of the existing stockpiles in the former Soviet Union continues to be a challenge in addition to the activities of the other governmen ts that control nuclear weapons and demonstrate troublesome behavior especially, Pakistan, North Korea, and Iran (Banks, Nevers, & Wallerstein, 2008, p. 7). According to Hawley (2008) there is currently speculation that there are some fine nuclear devises missing from Russia but this has never been substantiated (p. 233). However, the concern of missing nuclear devises is a weapon itself. According to Hawley (2008), there is an advantage to a noncredible RDD or a small RDD, and that is the publics reaction. The publics perception, and first responders, is that this event would be a radioactive disaster.However, the reality is that the amount of the radiation would not be dangerous, and as time passed, the danger would lessen as the radioactive material decayed to a lesser hazard. Radiation is one of the big unknowns and cause of fear because it is unknown. This fear makes radiation a key weapon for a terrorist organization. Given this analysis, the suspense continues to be asked. Is there a credible radiological threat? The process is yes or maybe no. Either way terrorist organizations have instilled fear of possible radiological events in our nations future.

The Wave: “Research the original story”

The movie The wave is based on a true story that occurred at Cubberely High School, Palo Alto, California. The full keep of the wave was to investigate and to demonstrate how a typical democratic society can be fascism. This investigate was performed by Ron Jones his stage name in the movie was Mr Wegner. both(prenominal) men were well-known as history teachers and this try appear was introduced as a trial in April 1967 and went horribly wrong. As he failed to get his spirit level across in clan, he decided to try an try out.This experiment began by starting the conclave c in alled The leash Wave in his history class he told the students that the whole point of it was to call for democracy. Ron Jones tried explaining why the Jews were mince to their death these deaths were committed by the Germans/Nazi (holocaust). Ron Joness main point that he appointed was Strength through discipline, volume through community, strength through action, strength through pride. The stud ents soon realised that majority rule puts stress on individuality, which later made these students more interested to remove it from their group The Third Wave.On the first mean solar day of the experiment the group was just going through some ground rules and having discussion. The experiment only int finish on being a one day thing but the students were drawn in and wanted to make this oer a week. The second day was going everywhere discipline, and this is when the name The Third Wave came into it. The name The Third Wave, mis-stating the mythical belief that the third in a series of ocean waves is last and largest (which comes from a traditional sailors saying that the ninth wave is the largest, as recited in Tennysons The Coming of Arthur).They ended the day by inventing a salute, which was to resemble the topic of the Nazi regime, and how to heed the leader and his commands. To show respect to the leader the students had to stand if a doubtfulness was raised. By the third day more students were moving to Ron Jones class, the class spread out from 30 students to 43. The students were improving on their academic skills and their attitude towards school. The students became attached to the group The third Wave when they were given a members card and all got a task given to complete.The students felt like they belonged to something, many for the first m in their lives. By the end of the day The Third wave had over 200 members. Ron Jones was amazed by the commitment and motivation from the students. The students started taking the experiment seriously and students started reporting others when rules were being broken, By Thursday Ron Jones had decided to stop the movement due to it slipping out of his control. The students became so attached emotionally and physically, this became an issue.Ron Jones announced to the group that the movement was a part of a nationwide movement, and that on the following day a selected member of the wave would announce pu blicly the existence of The Third Wave. Ron jones made it clear to all students, that the attendance of the meeting held the next day was compulsory. In the meeting that was held on the Friday, Ron Jones announced to The Third Wave that they had actually taken part in a fascism group without even knowing. He explained to them, how easy it is to turn a democracy society into fascism without the students even being aware of their actions.He past followed by showing a movie about the Nazi regime, the students then realised that the groups attitude was a lot like the Nazis attitude and that Democracy is extremely important. In the movie and books it suggests that Ron Jones was arrested but in fact he wasnt, he was just fired from the job 2 years later. Ron Jones didnt expect the experiment to get so out of hand. The story line of The Third Wave caught the eye of many study writers and authors later on it became a much more dramatic storyline.